Early Childhood School Essay

‘Education To Be More’ was published last August. It was the report of the New Zealand Government’s Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. The report argued for enhanced equity of access and better funding for childcare and early childhood education institutions. Unquestionably, that’s a real need; but since parents don’t normally send children to pre-schools until the age of three, are we missing out on the most important years of all? B A 13-year study of early childhood development at Harvard University has shown that, by the age of three, most children have the potential to understand about 1000 words – most of the language they will use in ordinary conversation for the rest of their lives. Furthermore, research has shown that while every child is born with a natural curiosity, it can be suppressed dramatically during the second and third years of life. Researchers claim that the human personality is formed during the first two years of life, and during the first three years children learn the basic skills they will use in all their later learning both at home and at school. Once over the age of three, children continue to expand on existing knowledge of the world. C It is generally acknowledged that young people from poorer socio-economic backgrounds tend to do less well in our education system. That’s observed not just in New Zealand, but also in Australia, Britain and America. In an attempt to overcome that educational under-achievement, a nationwide programme called ‘Headstart’ was launched in the United States in 1965. A lot of money was poured into it. It took children into pre-school institutions at the age of three and was supposed to help the children of poorer families succeed in school. Despite substantial funding, results have been disappointing. It is thought that there are two explanations for this. First, the programme began too late. Many children who entered it at the age of three were already behind their peers in language and measurable intelligence. Second, the parents were not involved. At the end of each day, ‘Headstart’ children returned to the same disadvantaged home environment. D As a result of the growing research evidence of the importance of the first three years of a child’s life and the disappointing results from ‘Headstart’, a pilot programme was launched in Missouri in the US that focused on parents as the child’s first teachers. The ‘Missouri’ programme was predicated on research showing that working with the family, rather than bypassing the parents, is the most effective way of helping children get off to the best possible start in life. The four-year pilot study included 380 families who were about to have their first child and who represented a cross-section of socio-economic status, age and family configurations. They included single-parent and two-parent families, families in which both parents worked, and families with either the mother or father at home. The programme involved trained parent ¬educators visiting the parents’ home and working with the parent, or parents, and the child. Information on child development, and guidance on things to look for and expect as the child grows were provided, plus guidance in fostering the child’s intellectual, language, social and motor-skill development. Periodic check-ups of the child’s educational and sensory development (hearing and vision) were made to detect possible handicaps that interfere with growth and development. Medical problems were referred to professionals. Parent-educators made personal visits to homes and monthly group meetings were held with other new parents to share experience and discuss topics of interest. Parent resource centres, Located in school buildings, offered learning materials for families and facilitators for child care. E At the age of three, the children who had been involved in the ‘Missouri’ programme were evaluated alongside a cross-section of children selected from the same range of socio-economic backgrounds and Family situations, and also a random sample of children that age. The results were phenomenal. By the age of three, the children in the programme were significantly more advanced in language development than their peers, had made greater strides in problem solving and other intellectual skills, and were Further along in  social development. In fact, the average child on the programme was performing at the level of the top 15 to 20 per cent of their peers in such things as auditory comprehension, verbal ability and language ability. Most important of all, the traditional measures of ‘risk’, such as parents’ age and education, or whether they were a single parent, bore little or no relationship to the measures of achievement and language development. Children in the programme performed equally well regardless of scio-economic disadvantages. Child abuse was virtually eliminated. The one factor that was found to affect the child’s development was family stress leading to a poor quality of parent-child interaction. That interaction was not necessarily bad in poorer families. F These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that children from poorer socio-economic backgrounds are arriving at school less well developed and that our school system tends to perpetuate that disadvantage. The initiative outlined above could break that cycle of disadvantage. The concept of working with parents in their homes, or at their place of work, contrasts quite markedly with the report of the Early Childhood Care and Education Working Group. Their focus is on getting children and mothers access to childcare and institutionalised early childhood education. Education from the age of three to five is undoubtedly vital, but without a similar Focus on parent education and on the vital importance of the first three years, some evidence indicates that it will not be enough to overcome educational inequity.

Characterization of the Film Sling Blade

The scene in Sling Blade which our class watched effectively created characterization for the character known as Carl. To begin the scene, it starts with Carl sitting and listening to a fellow in the same institution. A doctor interrupts his talking and says â€Å"there are some people for you to see†. The look on the man interrupted is dumbfounded. I can infer this is because Carl doesn't receive many visitors. This is the author’s first note of characterization. It shows that Carl wasn't a very popular man.Also throughout the scene there are dimmed lights, which make the audience believe that Carl is a dark person. He killed a man, and he never talks, all daunting characteristics which also contribute to the dark persona Carl seems to be carrying. The doctor continues to talk to Carl with precautions before they enter the interviewing room. He does this by using a tranquil voice and informing Carl â€Å"it’s a woman† which makes us question Carl’s character. Carl could be sexist, he might have killed a woman, or the doctor may just be saying this to persuade Carl into going.The doctor then enters a room with two women, he makes one of them leave, he turns the lights off, and then informs the interviewer that â€Å"Carl doesn't like to answer questions†. The detail that the doctor is taking so many reforms to reassure Carl’s satisfaction is rightly acknowledged by the interviewer when she asks what is stopping him from killing again. It also proves that the minor details shown by the doctor are proof that he doesn't believe Carl is ready to leave. This is a massive reflection on Carl’s character, showing that he is like a ticking time bomb waiting to explode.Carl finally enters the room and the audience is able to hear his first words. The transition can be felt by the viewer when the camera focuses in on Carl. His speech is raspy, and he is confined in his posture, fiddling with his hands. This shows low self-esteem which is also conveyed in his interview. He opens up to everyone in the room. He expresses his difficult childhood which creates empathy and pathos within the audience. This is the main transition, when the audience starts to feel sorrow towards the man who grew up in the barn, who was picked on in school, and who was fed â€Å"pretty regular†.The man sounds as if he was being raised as an animal, and yet the way he conveyed his story sounded as if he was complacent with the way his parents raised him. Carl characterized his dad by saying â€Å"my father was a hard working man, more than I can say for myself†. This describes Carl as a man with values. This intriguing man, known as Carl, has been characterized by many separate factors. All of which create someone who has great psychological obstacles which can make the average person understand further why Carl committed the crime he did.

Role of Women in the Paleolithic and Modern Period

This memorandum serves three purposes: (1) declares the chosen person for the heart transplantation; (2) outlines the decision process; (3) evaluates possible outcomes of the made decision. Among the three qualifying candidates who were in need of the transplant, the person that was chosen to go through the process of heart transplant is Lisa; a 12- year-old female who has suffered from health issues all throughout her life.Lisa has suffered from various viral infections and a lupus-like immune deficiency which cost her entire childhood. In addition, her heart was damaged due to pneumonia which add her heart stop for a brief period of time. Even though her chances of surviving in her ass are not guaranteed, Lisa deserves a few more years added to her life to at least experience and see the beauty of the world. During the process of decision-making, two ethics-based processes were used for comparison purposes and analysis in order to thoroughly determine the recipient of the heart.In applying a Utilitarian ends-based ethics theory, the decision to choose Lisa was based on John Stuart Mill's concept of the Greatest Happiness Principle which seeks happiness as the only desired outcome; neglecting all the rules and reminisces (Ruggeri, 2011). Lisa should receive the new heart because she is the only person who suffered most throughout her life. Jerry, one of the candidates, had at least lived 50 years which enabled him to build his own family; while Oozy had at least lived for 30 years.Although both candidates mentioned also deserve the heart, Lisa deserves the new heart most because she will help inspire other children her age that there is hope if you Just believe in the goodness of the world and people. Another ethics-based theory that contributed to the decision of choosing Lisa is SST. Augustine theory about the ‘power of evil and sin. ‘ In his greatest spiritual autobiography, he detailed his sufferings and struggles with his own human nature (Rug geri, 2011).However, he used his compelling personal experiences of sin to impact everybody through teaching the lesson of struggle and virtue through religious faith. In analyzing the situation, Lisa is somewhat like SST. Augustine in a way that they have both struggled in life. If Lisa would be given the chance to live, she would have the chance to prove something to herself that she can accomplish something in her life. No one is too young to make a difference in this world. This heart transplant may not guarantee Alias's survival in her ass.However, the few years that will be added to her life will Just be enough for her to experience how to live a normal life Just like any other children in her age. There is so much innocence and youth in her that seeing her life be taken away would have been too much to bear for anyone to think. Hence, by applying all the ethics-based theory mentioned in this memorandum, the decision to choose Lisa as the recipient of the heart transplant was made, and further transplant process should be deployed immediately in order to save a young girl's life.This decision will be immediately communicated to the higher administration of the hospital as well as to the parents of Lisa immediately in order to confirm their approval and agreement regarding the decision made. Given that there is an immediate need for Lisa to receive the new heart, as the Lead Surgeon of the BBC Medical Center, the process of the heart transplantation for Lisa should begin as soon as possible.

The 1893 Financial Panic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The 1893 Financial Panic - Essay Example The financial crisis was as a result of various factors that will be addressed in this section. At the time of the crisis on February that year, America was highly expecting that its economy had picked and growth would be evident in the coming years. However, the collapse of the Baring Brothers bank which was an Argentinian agent bank led to a bump in the banking sector that affected other banks and consequently the US treasury at the time. The banks failure to pick up in the competitive banking environment was as a result of the failure in the wheat industry which came hand in hand with the coup at the Buenos Aires. These two occurrences acted as the last blow to its investments. Due to the shock, the US treasury started to work on a run on gold strategy due to the fact that investors in the sector still wanted to cash in their investments. The treasury did not want to scare the investors away as that would be more catastrophic and the prospects of recovering would be weak. In the meantime, too much investments were heaped on the railroad construction as it seemed a way of boosting business and consequently the economy. The result was that the economy was totally injured. The prices of various commodities including the ones in the agricultural sector dropped significantly adding to the misery. As the economy was hit and the banking sector seemed to crumble, people rushed to withdraw their money to avoid the loss that would follow if the banks collapsed with their money. This caused bank runs. To add to the already worsened situation, the United Kingdom was also hit by a financial crisis at a similar time and the result was that people who had invested in the American industry rushed to sell their stock and recover their investment capital. For a long time, Europe had been trading with the US. At the time of the crisis, the economy of various European countries was not good and that had an effect on America. As discussed earlier

The Impact of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis on the UK Economy Literature review

The Impact of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis on the UK Economy - Literature review Example The huge amount of non-conventional mortgages has deepened the existing housing market slump. The subprime mortgage crisis has already influenced the overall economy. The fall in home demand as well as the subsequent increase in home inventories has places the housing construction business into a decline (Taylor, 2009, p. 78). Housing began to drop 45 percent during the past 2 years, in accordance with the Commerce division, and fresh home sales plunged 36 percent, driving fresh home inventories to more than 450,000. This drop in fresh residential construction cut 2 percent GDP growth during the fourth quarter of 2011, and it is doing the same in the first half of 2012. However, the housing market influences more than simply the housing construction division of the financial system. Rising and falling home costs in the past couple of years generated huge capital benefits for households, which produced a sturdy wealth outcome for consumer expenditure and facilitated in decreasing the national investments rate (Morgenson and Rosner, 2011, p. 103). From 2008, the standard annual growth rate of actual buyer expenditure was a sturdy 4 percent, with buyer durable expenditure going up to 6 percent per annum. In view of the fact that personal spending costs creates over 80 percent of the entire economy, increasing home costs were a main medium for general financial development. Increasing home costs were as well a contributing aspect to the almost negative UK household investments rate during the last two years. If countrywide home costs drop by 6 percent during 2012, a negative capital effect will reduce utilization costs, boost the national investments rate and lessen economic movement. Policies have stepped in to try to mitigate the economic blow of the subprime mortgage crisis and the weakening housing division. A wide range of suggestions have been established and / or implemented. Some of these are particularly significant (McLean and Nocera, 2011, p. 132). Recen tly, government help thousands of individuals by refinancing their mortgages. With this initiative, more or less 75,000 borrowers will be directly affected. Whereas this will facilitate to hold back the existing sub-prime mortgage market crisis, a large majority believe that a much more extensive reaction is required and that this is an insufficient effort at facilitating the people. This issue is important to global political economy, as the management’s treatment of the crisis will begin to come under better inspection because of uncertain sub-prime loans that have been prepared during the past two years rearranging to their higher interest rates. This will carry on to be a concern because supported by the data from the credit union, there are more or less 4 million citizens with outstanding sub-prime mortgages along with about 1.5 million borrowers are following their loans, with more than 2 million maybe dealing with foreclosure within the subsequent two years. Because of the existing situation of the subprime mortgage crisis, the UK pound has declined against other currencies during the last few months (Forrest and Yip, 2011, p. 193). This is important because, now, the outcomes of this crisis are gradually being felt overseas. For instance, in the US, the Euro has naturally appreciated against the dollar because of the dollar’s decline. â€Å"At first glance, this would not typically send up any type of red flag for investors in the UK, but when examined more

Melation and Aging Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Melation and Aging - Research Paper Example The level increases up to optimum when we are youths and latter starts declining. Many theories such as that from Hajak et al. (2003) have been put forward to explain the relationship between aging process and melatonin but none has explicitly explained the connection. This paper will explore some of the major issues involved in the hypothesis that melatonin can prolong and bring back the youthful memories. But in my findings, melatonin is just but a drug which can boost the melatonin hormone level in our body but not able prolonging or supplementing age. Introduction Melatonin is a hormone secreted in the brain from the amino acid tryptophan within the pineal. It is a naturally occurring compound and found in animals, human beings, plants and microbes. It was discovered in 1958 by Aaron Lerner and his colleagues. It is also called hormone of darkness simply because it is produced in darkness, highest percentage produced during night hours at bed side. It aging on the other hand mean s or it refers to post-maturational process that leads to decrease in homeostasis and increased vulnerability of the organism more so diseases. There has been close study on the relationship between the melatonin and the aging whether it improves or not. Zhdanova et al. (2006) claim that melatonin percentage in the body decreases as we grow old and their claims are just based on mere observation that older people do sleep less compared to younger ones. Their study also has explored other functions of melatonin not only the hypothesis but also what they termed as â€Å"a supplement to the aging but as a medicine to boost sleeping in aged people and also as treatment in† (pp. 899–907). Melatonin and Aging People all over the world wish to remain youthful and the issue of aging brings many problems and any solution to it will be gladly welcomed. Dollins et al. (2006) agree that theories and speculations relating melatonin and aging have been put forward but none of them h ave fully or clearly given their relationship. This compound no doubt is very vital in human life and one of study in the university of Granada, Spain carried out by Stone (2005) has proved that melatonin assist in controlling weight gain, also improves the blood lipids profile by reduction in triglycerides which increases level of good cholesterol HDL and at the same time lowering negative cholesterol called LDL. The general levels of melatonin vary greatly throughout one’s life span. The first time melatonin is created is when a child is three months old and that is when most people start to sleep. There is a rapid increase in the level and it peaks between the age of three and four years of age, this level fall back to a plateau and it remains constant throughout adulthood. The level starts to decline as we age up. The graph below shows circadian profiles of serum melatonin concentrations in human at various ages. Areas marked with black indicate period of darkness. By the time we are approaching seventies, the melatonin level decreases in our body to about a quarter of the original normal level when compared with time when one is young. It is thought that the drop may be associated with calcification of the pineal gland as we age

The Role Of Books In Human Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role Of Books In Human Life - Essay Example   Of course, school books at that time were more important, but I simultaneously developed a liking towards storybooks. I got my reading habit mostly from my elder sister who is four years older than me. She has always been a bookworm. She was a good student at school and I have always seen her studying for long hours. Other than school books she was an avid reader of children's novels and short stories. For her birthdays she used to request our relatives to gift her with books. Her birthday falls four days ahead of me and as a result, both our birthdays were celebrated on the same day. I remember she used to get piles of books and for the next few weeks, I used to see her absorbed in those books. Whenever she finished with one book she used to give me that book and told me to read it. Initially, I showed little interest in reading any books other than school books, but gradually as she encouraged me to read I started reading short bedtime stories by children’s authors. My i nterest slowly developed in books but I was the founder of watching movies than reading books. As we grew up and started attending high school I could see my sister's love for books grow with time. I still remember she bought the membership in a local circulating library when she was in the eleventh standard. Every week she used to borrow two to three books and then she spent long hours into the night to read them. Those days I used to find it difficult to comprehend how one can lose sleep for books.... But the book which turned me into a serious reader was handed over to me by my sister when I was in the ninth standard. It was Doctors by an American author Erich Segal. The book grabbed my attention from the very first page and as soon as I finished it I wanted to read more books of the same author. From that day onwards my sister used to borrow books from the library both for her and for me. As I read more books of Erich Segal, my love for books grew rapidly. I found myself getting more interested in novels rather than short stories. I developed my interest in fiction novels. Non-fiction and classics never grabbed my interest. My Favourite Author I have read hundreds of books in my lifetime. I have read books of every genre like adventure, romance, thrillers, comedy and even horror. My favourite author is a British writer Jeffrey Archer. I have read almost all his books including the latest one Only Time Will Tell. The unexpected twists and turns in his books and the fact that the characters are never larger than life are what I find most engrossing. The Book that influenced me the most Although I mostly admire books of Jeffrey Archer, but the book that has left a lasting effect on me is Love Story by an American author Erich Segal. Segal’s books are always rich with emotions. Love Story is a novel based on two people Oliver and Jennifer from completely different family backgrounds. They are bonded by the strong love that they feel for each other. It is a story how they meet and then very soon fall in love with each other. They get married even though Oliver’s father was dead against the marriage. Later on Jennifer gets terminally ill and dies at the end of the book. It also portrayed the various attempts of Jennifer to unite the father with his

Leukemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Leukemia - Essay Example It might be chronic and acute (WebMd). Chronic leukemia deteriorates gradually and may not bring about manifestations for a considerable length of time (WebMd). This type of leukemia, which advances through the span of months to years, includes overproduction of mature white platelets that cannot function similar to typical white cells. Acute leukemia deteriorates quick and may make a person feel wiped out immediately. It grows inside of days to weeks, and expansive quantities of immature cells also called "blasts" develop (WebMd). These cells cannot work as typical white platelets, so individuals with intense leukemia are at a higher danger of contamination. Since the body is so caught up with delivering immature cells, it cannot produce the same number of red cells or platelets, which can bring about bleeding issues and anemia. Leukemias are likewise subdivided into the sort of influenced blood cell. By this division, leukemia might also be myelogenous and lymphocytic (WebMd). Myelogenous leukemia influences the other kind of cells that ordinarily get to be granulocytes, red platelets, or platelets. Lymphocytic (also called lymphoblastic) leukemia influences white platelets called lymphocytes (WebMd). On the off chance that the harmful change happens in the kind of marrow that makes lymphocytes, the sickness is called lymphocytic leukemia (WebMd). A lymphocyte is a sort of white cell inside a persons vertebrae insusceptible framework (WebMd). In the event that the malignant change happens in the kind of marrow cells that go ahead to deliver red platelets, different sorts of white cells, and platelets, the ailment is called myelogenous leukemia. The rate at which leukemia advances and how the cells supplant the typical blood and marrow cells are distinctive with every type of leukemia. Based on these divisions, there are four most common types of leukemia: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) frequently

Advanced medical-surgical nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advanced medical-surgical nursing - Essay Example rocedures and equipment, coping with incomplete and rapidly changing medical knowledge, addressing workforce shortages and ensuring appropriate adherence to correct procedures with right nursing attitude. These finer concepts in nursing when applied lead to the identification and establishment of a patients risk management process within the overall ultimate design of a health care process. Such processes are more required at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/facilities of any hospital as ICU is one of the most critical services of any hospital and the quality of such critical patients response is important in determining the success of the entire hospital itself. In the following paragraphs we examine the application of the finer concepts of nursing care in three specific areas of nursing the critically ill patient. Areas discussed, with relative analysis are; airway management, sensory imbalance/overload and family communication within the intensive care unit. The discussions in these areas of nursing care become more pertinent if the patient is mechanically ventilated. Both short and long duration airway management in critically ill patients require substantial caution and skills. Right approach which can be termed a model approach is still being evolved in research algorithms. Difficult ventilation has generally been reckoned as a state in which a trained anesthetist experience inability to maintain the oxygen saturation more than 90% using a face mask for ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen, given that the pre-ventilation oxygen saturation level was within the acceptable range.(American,1993) Difficult intubation ,on the other hand, has been reckoned as the need for more than three intubation attempts or attempts at intubations that last more than 10 minutes.(American,1993) Schwartz et al (1995) furnish data that 3% of critically ill patients hospitalized suffer death within 30 minutes of administering emergency intubation, and another 8% of intubation events

Rhetoric in Protest Music Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Rhetoric in Protest Music - Case Study Example A Vietnamese gun boat was rumored to have attacked an American ship. The resolution allowed the United States a carte blanche to invade Viet Nam. For the better part of 16 years, the North Vietnamese Viet Cong fought against South Viet Nam in a bloody battle that claimed roughly six million Asian lives, and 59,000 American lives.1 Although one cannot compare tragedies, Viet Nam was the Holocaust of Asia. The music that encompassed this era was naturally going to be very anti-war. As young men from the countryside, poorer whites, and minorities got shipped off to war in Viet Nam, people in Congress and in Washington sat around and debated and had moral quibbles about whether or not the U.S. should have been in the war in the first place. One rock band which was "most widely known for musical protests against the Viet Nam War"2 was Country Joe and the Fish. There were riches in a mountain, and one of the peoples talked about sharing the riches. The other people, however, took the mountain by force and found a message in lieu of riches that said "Peace on Earth." However, by this time the invading people had "destroyed the treasure in pursuit of it."5 There was another protest song, called "Universal Soldier," written by Canadian singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie.6 This song was essentially about how people have personal responsibility for war and how fighting hurts everyone. Another protest song, "Eve of Dest... There were riches in a mountain, and one of the peoples talked about sharing the riches. The other people, however, took the mountain by force and found a message in lieu of riches that said "Peace on Earth." However, by this time the invading people had "destroyed the treasure in pursuit of it."5 There was another protest song, called "Universal Soldier," written by Canadian singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie.6 This song was essentially about how people have personal responsibility for war and how fighting hurts everyone. Yet another protest song, written by folk singer Bob Dylan, is entitled "Blowin' in the Wind."7 The song asks many deep questions, basically all about "peace, war, and freedom."8 Another protest song, "Eve of Destruction," is a protest song written by P.F. Sloan in 1965.9 The song has to do with the end of the world. It represented the feelings that people had during the Viet Nam war era, in terms of what the United States was facing on a daily basis, seeing their youth be ground to bits in a senseless land war in Asia. One of the most frequently used lines today from the song is "You're old enough to kill, but not for votin'," which "refer[red] to the fact that in the United States, men were subject to the draft at age 18, while at that time the minimum voting age (in all but four states) was 21. Additionally, "The song makes reference to Selma, Alabama, where Bloody Sunday took place'According to Sloan, the lyric 'The pounding of the drums the pride and disgrace' relates to the Kennedy assassination."10 The song "If I Had a Hammer" was written by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays.11 Written in 1949, this song did not have enormous popularity when it was first released. Rather, it was recorded 10

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business Law - Essay Example This also helps to provide a clear indication about the intention or willingness of acceptance of certain rules and regulations by both the parties through a mutual understanding. If any misinterpretation occurs within the agreement then it might hamper both the parties resulting in uncertainty and misinterpretation of the law3. In addition to agreement, capacity is also the other significant element of a contract. It is referred as the capability of both the parties to come into a legally requisite contract. Other than this, intention of both the parties also offers a considerable role in the contract. This part mainly describes the key purposes of both the parties present within the contract5. Formalities are another considerable component of a contract which mainly describes that a contract may be created either in written or in oral form. Besides, the written form is more efficient as it helps to reduce the activities of frauds5. This can be reduced only when both the parties wit hin a contract are mutually in accord with one–another leading to concurrence of will. ... All the above constituents are equally important for making a contract legitimate and breach of one of these factors may result in a void agreement5. Application of the Law to the Case The case study presented in the assignment does not follow all the elements of a contract in an effective way. The case study mainly highlights a contract of selling a refurbished bicycle within Australia and so it needs to conform to various rules and regulations of Australian Contract Law. It was a transpiring business understanding between a university student named Peter and owner of ‘tourbikes’, Sally. Both the parties were well capable to enter into a mutual agreement. Besides, the intention of both the parties was entirely different from one another. The purpose of Peter was to purchase a bicycle in order to retain the part-time job as a courier, which might prove highly beneficial for him to pay for the fees of his university. In addition, the main consideration of Peter was that h e wished to purchase a bicycle within an amount of AU$5000. He desired to purchase a bicycle model named as Cadel Evans ‘GF’ only to fulfill his inclinations whereas Sally’s key perception was to sell off the bicycle at any cost. On the other hand, the intention of Sally was to sell the bike in order to pay off the amount taken as a credit. In the provided scenario, a proper offer as well as acceptance was not made from either of the interested parties i.e. Peter or Burt. Moreover, there was no proper agreement reached between the interested parties and the seller Sally. Sally also did not make a proper communication to Peter before delivering the bike to his house, which depicts certain lack of consideration on behalf of Sally as Peter did

Differences in ethnic experiences of criminal justice system Essay Example for Free

Differences in ethnic experiences of criminal justice system Essay Ethnic minorities, afro-Caribbeans and, to a lesser extent, Asians, are vastly over represented in official statistics for criminal offending, and convictions, but these statistics are not necessarily representative of what is real. An example of these statistics is that black people make up 2. 7% of the British population, and Asians 4. 7%, but black people make up 11% of the prison population, and Asians 6%. Experiences amongst different ethnic groups who interact with the criminal justice system are still very diverse. Whilst self-report studies show that whites are more likely to offend than blacks and Asians even less likely (Indians 30%, Pakistanis 28% and Bangladeshis 13% according to Graham and Bowling) this does not represent the experiences of said ethnic groups. The criminal justice system consists of a number of steps which include policing, stop and search, arrests/cautions, prosecutions, trials, convictions, sentencing and prison and at each stage it appears that blacks, and more recently Asians, are much more likely to face injustice, abuse or negativity within the criminal justice system. Phillips and Bowling note that since the 1970s many allegations of oppressive policing towards ethnic minorities have been put forward with mass stop and search operations excessive surveillance, armed raids, police violence. With policies such as the Stop and Search and the Terrorism Act (2000), police officers may stop at any time or place, any vehicle or person and search them for any or no reasons, but the patterns of how these policies put to use are disproportionate towards ethnic minorities; black people are 7 times likely to be stopped than whites, and Asians 3 times as likely. Police disproportionately using stop and search techniques against minority ethnic groups may be the result of police racism, which the Macpherson report of 1999 highlights. Institutional racism within the police force and its individual members may make officers more suspicious, weary and paranoid about ethnic minorities. This could also be the result of demography, ethnic minorities are over-represented in the social groupings most likely to be stopped and search, such as young, unemployed, working-class males. However this could simply reflect the differences in offending between ethnic groups. But more evidence for institutional racism towards certain ethnic groups appears when we investigate more, white people are given cautions for crimes much more often than blacks or Asians, arrest rates for blacks are 3. 6 times higher than for whites. This again indicates some kind of unfair or racist treatment; however it could be the result of blacks or Asians being more likely to deny an offence and look for legal advice out of mistrust for the police, leading to an eventual arrest, as we have already noted that these minorities are more likely to be unfairly policed by officers. The mistrust of the system may also result in ethnic minorities who go on trial opting for a jury. Although in contrast, 60% of white defendants found guilty as compared with only 52% of blacks and 44% of Asians, and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) more likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities. This suggests that police are bringing weak cases against ethnic minorities to court, thus being abandoned. Although this suggests a more fair treatment in regards to prosecution and conviction, it indicates police racism in forcing ethnic minorities into court for frivolous crimes. Ethnic groups such as blacks and Asians possibly have a much harder and more negatively perceived experience of the criminal justice system because they are subject to a lot of discrimination, for instance in self-report studies when asked for the perpetrators ethnicity, many people would often guess black even if they arent sure, reinforcing the negative ethnic stereotype. Since the 9/11 attacks suspicions about Muslims have risen greatly, even though they cannot be justified on the large scale discrimination and prejudice they experience, this prejudice can often lead to over policing in ethnic minority areas, thus adding to the disparity in the criminal statistics, it may not be that these ethnic groups are committing more crime, it could just be that there are more police acting in a vigilant way around and towards these groups, so they are punished more harshly. It could be argued that if the same amount of vigilance and over-policing was applied to white communities equally, the statistics may equalize. Whilst it is clear that Blacks and Asians are overrepresented in criminal statistics, the extent of this remains to be seen, it is possible that the reality is that those ethnic groups, on average, do commit more crimes than others, it is also possible this is false.

Application of Regression Analysis

Application of Regression Analysis Chapter-3 Methodology In the application of regression analysis, often the data set consist of unusual observations which are either outliers (noise) or influential observations. These observations may have large residuals and affect the parameters of the regression co-efficient and the whole regression analysis and become the source of misleading results and interpretations. Therefore it is very important to consider these suspected observations very carefully and made a decision that either these observations should be included or removed from the analysis. In regression analysis, the basic step is to determine whether one or more observations can influence the results and interpretations of the analysis. If the regression analysis have one independent variable, then it is easy to detect observations in dependent and independent variables by using scatter plot, box plot and residual plot etc. But graphical method to identify outlier and/or influential observation is a subjective approach. It is also well known that in the presence of multiple outliers there can be a masking or swamping effect. Masking (false negative) occurs when an outlying subset remains undetected due the presence of another, usually adjacent subset. Swamping (false positive) occurs when usual observation is incorrectly identified as outlier in the presence of another usually remote subset of observations. In the present study, some well known diagnostics are compared to identify multiple influential observations. For this purpose, first, robust regression methods are used to identify influential observation in Poisson regression, then to conform that the observations identified by robust regression method are genuine influential observations, some diagnostic measures based on single case deletion approach like Pearson chi-square, deviance residual, hat matrix, likelihood residual test, cook’s distance, difference of fits, squared difference in beta are considered but in the presence of masking and swamping diagnostics based on single case deletion fail to identify outlier and influential observations. Therefore to remove or minimize the masking and swamping phenomena some group deletion approaches; generalized standardized Pearson residual, generalized difference of fits, generalized squared difference in beta are taken.   Ã‚   3.2 Diagnostic measures based on single case deletion This section presents the detail of single case deleted measures which are used to identify multiple influential observations in Poisson regression model. These measures are change in Pearson chi-square, change in deviance, hat matrix, likelihood residual test, cook’s distance, difference of fits (DFFITS),squared difference in beta(SDBETA). Pearson chi-square To show the amount of change in Poisson regression estimates that would occurred if the kth observation is deleted, Pearson χ2 statistic is proposed to detect the outlier. Such diagnostic statistics are one that examine the effected of deleting single case on the overall summary measures of fit. Let denotes the Pearson χ2 and denotes the statistic after the case k is deleted. Using one-step linear approximations given by Pregibon (1981). The decrease in the value of statistics due to deletion of the kth case is Δ = Ë- , k=1,2,3,†¦..,n 3.1 is defined as: 3.2 = And for the kth deleted case is: = 3.3 Deviance residual The one-step linear approximation for change in deviance when the kth case is deleted is: ΔD = D Ë- D(-k) 3.4 Because the deviance is used to measure the goodness of fit of a model, a substantial decrease in the deviance after the deletion of the kth observation is indicate that is observation is a misfit. The deviance of Poisson regression with kth observation is: D=2 3.5 Where = exp ( D(-k)= 2 3.6 A larger value of ΔD(-k) indicates that the kth value is an outlier. Hat matrix: The Hat matrix is used in residual diagnostics to measure the influence of each observation. The hat values, hii, are the diagonal entries of the Hat matrix which is calculated using H=V1/2X(XTVX)-1XTV1/2 3.7 Where V=diag[var(yi)(ii)]-1 var(yi)=E(yi)= In Poisson regression model =i) = (,where g function is usually called the link function and With the log link in Poisson regression i= = V=diag( 3.8 (XTVX)-1 is an estimated covariance matrix of and hii is the ith diagonal element of Hat matrix H. The properties of the diagonal element of hat matrix i.e leverage values are 0 and Where k indicates the parameter of the regression model with intercept term. An observation is said to be influential if ckn. where c is a suitably constant 2 and 3 or more. Using twice the mean thumb rule suggested by Hoaglin and Welsch (1978), an observation with 2kn considered as influential. Likelihood residual test For the detection of outliers, Williams (1987) introduced the likelihood residual. The squared likelihood residual is a weighted average of the squared standardized deviance and Pearson residual is defined as: 3.9 and it is approximately equals to likelihood ratio test for testing whether an observation is an outlier and it also called approximate studentized residual, is standardized Pearson residual is defined as: = 3.10 is standardized deviance residual is defined as: = 3.11 = sign( Where is called the deviance residual and it is another popular residual because the sum of square of these residual is a deviance statistic. Because the average value, KN, of hi is small is much closer to than to ,and therefore also approximately normally distributed. An observation is considered to be influential if |t(1, n Difference of fits test (DFFITS) Difference of fits test for Poisson regression is defined as: (DFFITS)i= , i=1,2,3,†¦..,n 3.12 Where and are respectively the ith fitted response and an estimated standard error with the ith observation is deleted. DFFITS can be expressed in terms of standardized Pearson residuals and leverage values as: (DFFITS)i= 3.13 = = An observation is said to be influential if the value of DFFITS 2. Cook’s Distance: Cook (1977) suggests the statistics which measures the change in parameter estimates caused by deleting each observation, and defined as: CDi= 3.14 Where is estimated parameter of without ith observation. There is also a relationship between difference of fits test and Cook’s distance which can be expressed as: CDi= 3.15 Using approximation suggested by Pregibon’s C.D can be expressed as: () 3.16 Observation with CD value greater than 1 is treated as an influential. Squared Difference in Beta (SDFBETA) The measure is originated from the idea of Cook’s distance (1977) based on single case deletion diagnostic and brings a modification in DFBETA (Belsley et al., 1980), and it is defined as (SDFBETA)i = 3.17 After some necessary calculation SDFBETA can be relate with DFFITS as: (SDFBETA)i = 3.18 The ith observation is influential if (SDFBETA)i Diagnostic measures based on group deletion approach This section includes the detail of group deleted measures which are used to identify the multiple influential observations in Poisson regression model. Multiple influential observations can misfit the data and can create the masking or swamping effect. Diagnostics based on group deletion are effective for identification of multiple influential observations and are free from masking and swamping effect in the data. These measures are generalized standardized Pearson residual (GSPR), generalized difference of fits (GDFFITS) and generalized squared difference in Beta(GSDFBETA). 3.3.1 Generalized standardized Pearson residual (GSPR) Imon and Hadi (2008) introduced GSPR to identify multiple outliers and it is defined as: i 3.19 = i 3.20 Where are respectively the diagonal elements of V and H (hat matrix) of remaining group. Observations corresponding to the cases |GSPR| > 3 are considered as outliers. 3.3.2 Generalized difference of fits (GDFFITS) GDFFITS statistic can be expressed in terms of GSPR (Generalized standardized Pearson residual) and GWs (generalized weights). GWs is denoted by and defined as: for i 3.21 = for i 3.22 A value having is larger than, Median (MAD ( is considered to be influential i.e > Median (MAD ( Finally GDFFITS is defined as (GDFFITS)i= 3.23 We consider the observation as influential if GDFFITSi 3 3.3.3 Generalized squared difference in Beta (GSDFBETA) In order to identify the multiple outliers in dataset and to overcome the masking and swamping effect GSDFBETA is defined as: GSDFBETAi = for i 3.24 = for i 3.25 Now the generalized GSDFBETA can be re-expressed in terms of GSPR and GWs: GSDFBETAi = for i 3.26 = for i 3.27 A suggested cut-off value for the detection of influential observation is GSDFBETA

Use Of Steel In Building Design Construction Essay

Use Of Steel In Building Design Construction Essay Steel is a mixer from alloy which consists a lot of iron and around 0.2 % of carbon. Grade will affect the weight of it but normally it is 2.1% by weight. For iron, carbon is the most common alloying material, but it also uses other elements such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten. Carbon and other alloying elements likes what I mentioned just now are acting as a hardening agent. From doing so, it can prevent dislocations in the iron atom crystal lattice from sliding past one another. By control the amount of alloying elements, it can indirectly control the hardness, ductility and the tensile strength of the resulting steel. By increasing the carbon content, it can be made harder and stronger than iron, but such steel is also less ductile than iron. Steel also called as a versatile material because the composition and internal structure to tailor its properties can be adjusted by us. Due to this reason, we can produce steel for paperclips, steel bridges, thin strips of st eel for razor blades and large beam for column. Properties of steel Steel more or less is a linear elastic material, it has a strong tensile strength which made it can be bend into whatever shape that you like, and it also have the same compressive as the tensile strength . It different from concrete, as we know that concrete is very low in tensile strength but it has a strong compressive strength. However, with enough applied force, steel and other metals will cease to behave elastically and begin to behave plastically. When a material is linearly elastic, its deformation, or strain, will be directly proportional to the applied force and it will return to its original shape when the force is removed. A plastic material ,on the other hand, will permanently deform without breaking. In real life, we cant found such thing as perfectly elastic or plastic material. Material likes steel, the tensile strength and the compressive strength are concerned by structural engineers. When steel reaches its yield strength, It started to stretch and transition from elastic to plastic behavior. When there is more force that applied on steel, it will made it reaches its ultimate tensile strength and eventually it will break. Due to the high tensile strength that steel has, structural engineers take this advantage in their design. In some Natural disasters likes earthquake or major structural failure, the properties which steel has is very useful because it allows the structure to absorb extra load. For those material that too brittle, it will shatter instead of stretch, it possibly will cause the structure to crash down, but for material likes steel, when the structure is ruined, but its plastic behavior allows time for escape. Advantage of steel As all engineers know, steel is very useful in construction. There are a lot of advantages of using steel in construction. That is why so many construction in the world use steel as main material. 1. Recycling Use steel in construction only will generate a small amount of waste. For all those light gauge steel construction is 100 percent recyclable. In one year, over a trillion pound of steel was recycled. According from a trustable data, it shows steel industry annually saves energy up to 18 million households for a year. 2. Strong and Durability Compare with use wood for framing work, steel is significantly stronger than wood. Other than carbon fiber, there is no other material can match steels superior strength and durability. The reason we never apply carbon fiber in our building is because carbon fiber is much more expensive compare with steel. Building that uses steel will enable the building to resist earthquake, hurricanes and other natural disease. 3. Climate and Condition As we know, steel made from strong iron and carbon, so it will never crack, shrink, splinter, creep, split, or swell. Individual members of a wood-framed building react differently to climate changes. This wood movement may include expansion, contraction, warping, twisting, etc. 4. Weigh Steels weigh is 60 percent lesser than wood. 6 tons of steel can supports 2000 square foot home, but for lumber, it needs around 20 tons to support 2000 Sf home. Although steel is light but it is very strong. Use steel for foundations can make it be lighter; transportation and site handling are easier. Problem of steel There is no perfect material in this world; each material has their strong point and week point. For steel, the most serious problem is corrosion. Due to the moisture of the air, those steel that exposed to air will get rush easily. Owner of the house have to spend a lot of money to remove those rush steel and replace it with new steel. So rather than waste a lot of money to replace after it rush, engineer had found out some way to prevent it before get rush. 1. Materials resistant to Corrosion In real life, we cant find a material that can totally immune to corrosion in all environments. To prevent corrosion, we have to know the environment factor that causes them to rush. Corrosion Resistance Date are used to assess the suitability of material in an environment. 2. Protective coating For prevent steel from corrosion, protective coatings are the most widely used technique. Protective coatings separate the surfaces of the matter that will corrode from the factors in the environment which cause corrosion to occur. Even protective coating is a common way of corrosion control technique, but it doesnt mean it can 100 percent the surface. 3. Catholic Protection There is another way to prevent corrosion from using electricity. Catholic protection interferes with the natural action of the electrochemical cells that are responsible for corrosion. For those materials which always exposed to air or water, using Catholic protection method is a very good technique. Other than the corrosion problem, steel cant resist heat as well. So when in applied in column, it needs a thick layer of cement to resist fire. From doing this, when the building is in fire, people got a lot of time to run from the building before it collapse. Uses of steel in construction work The number of building keeps increasing nowadays with help of steel components all over the world. The engineer found out that steel that is very useful in the construction work due to the ability of tensile and compressive strength. Cost of steel also affordable by client. In a building, steel parts are the most strong, most solid and reliable type of all building material that can stand the test of time. Due to the reason which is steels are firm, and cheaper compare with other material, aesthetic, fire resist, do not require further treatment and it is environmentally friendly. Advantage of steel is enough to draw attention to metal and steel components; the only issue that needs even more elaboration is their elasticity and reliability. Nowadays people do not want to be scared anymore because of their firbeboard-house or pvc houses will be sweep away by storm, tornados and other natural disasters. Reliable, solid and firm components will brings trust to user. Corrosion is one of the biggest disadvantages of metal parts used for construction though nowadays most of the manufacturers heat-treat metal parts in order they become stainless and stone-like. Heat conductivity is another problem of metal structures that is why houses are not equipped with them in full scale. Structural-Steel Columns The method of securing the ends of a column greatly influences its strength. While wooden and cast-iron columns usually occur in building construction with flat or square ends, structural-steel columns are often used, having either hinged, flat or square, and fixed ends. Where the ends are securely fixed, so that the column is likely to fail in the shaft, before the end connections are ruptured, greater strength is developed than with columns having hinged or pinned ends. Columns having flat or square ends are somewhat stronger than hinged-end columns, but not so strong as those having their ends firmly secured. Light steel framing Thin sheets of galvanized steel can be formed into steel studs used as a building material for rough-framing in commercial or residential construction (pictured), and many other applications. The dimension of the room is established with horizontal track that is anchored to the floor and ceiling to outline each room. The vertical studs are arranged in the tracks, usually spaced 16 apart, and fastened at the top and bottom. Rectangular steel frame, or perimeter frame of the Willis building (at right) contrasted against the diagrid frame at 30 St Mary Axe, London, UK. The primary shapes used in residential construction are the C-shape stud and the U-shaped track, and a variety of other shapes. Framing members are generally produced in a thickness of 12 to 25 gauge. The wall finish is anchored to the two flange sides of the stud, which varies from 1-1/4 to 3 thick, and the width of web ranges from 1-5/8 to 14. Rectangular sections are removed from the web to provide access for electrical wiring. Steel mills produce galvanized sheet steel, the base material for light-gauge steel. Sheet steel is then roll-formed into the final profiles used for framing. The sheets are zinc coated (galvanized) to prevent oxidation and corrosion. Steel framing provides excellent design flexibility due to the inherent strength of steel, which allows it to span over a longer distance than wood, and also resist wind and earthquake loads. Light Steel Framing has been extensively used in cold climate countries due to its good thermal and structural behaviour. Heat loss reduction and tenement thermal comfort have been the main driving forces defining the design of these frames. The main issue to be addressed is how striving for thermal efficiency can lead to structural weakening and poor fire performance. ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_frame) Summary Steel is a very important character in construction work. It can apply in concrete, farming work, beam, column, etc. Steel strong in tensile and compressive, so when apply in column, it can help column to easily crack or damage. Compare with wood make building, steel make building allow people run away from the building when it was in fire. Steel can be totally recycled, and it will not produce any waste when it apply in construction. Talk about the advantage, steel is strong and it can last longer than any material. Carbon fiber has same properties as steel, but cost of carbon fiber is extremely expensive compare with steel. There is no perfect material in the world, even steel is good, but it can corrode anytime when I expose to air or water. Client or owner spent a lot of money for the further treatment. So rather to spend money on the further treatment, they choose to do something on it before it install. Such way like coating, material resist, and catholic protection. Conclusion Initially I choose wood as the material of the assignment, but eventually I found out that steel is more common use and its properties is very unique. Steel much more stronger than wood, lighter than wood and talk about the further treatment, woods are easily spoil, so it will waste more money. But nowadays steels are getting lesser, we have to find another material to replace it, Carbon fiber has the same properties with steel but the problem is it is very expensive compare with steel. Recycle is the best way to solve this problem. Steel can be cycle easily, we can get the source from tin, old car, old buildings beam. From doing this, we can make sure

Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel The Master and Margarita Essay -- Literary A

The vast interpretations and multiple meanings that lie within Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel The Master and Margarita cannot be limited or reduced to just a singular point or explanation. It would be ludicrous for one to simply classify Bulgakov’s work as just a religious, ethical, social or political tract because the enforcement of only one of these points of view would hinder the reader’s insight into the depth of the entire novel. However, it is possible to be able to grasp the many themes and meanings of The Master and Margarita by the examination of one of the novel’s central characters, this character is found in both narratives of the novel and his name is Woland or, as he is also known, the devil. Woland is the most important character in the novel because he entices the people of Moscow, whether they want to or not and whether they are conscious of it or not, to rebel against the order of which they are accustomed too and to gain a new found sense of liberation. Colin Wright, in his work Mikhail Bulgakov: Life and Interpretations, writes, â€Å"And here we find the key to the whole book for, as we have seen, it is the individual non-conformists who are Bulgakov’s heroes, those who rebel – whether against God or man† (270). It is understandable that Bulgakov, having written this work in an oppressive surrounding that limited what he could and could not write, creates a hero who is in fact a rebel and other characters that are rebellious against those who stifle artistic freedom. In Vladimir Tumanov’s essay, Diabolus ex Machina: Bulgakov’s Modernist Devil, the author writes, â€Å"In this respect the modernist qualities of Bulgakov’s novel acquire a new dimension because Master i Margarita becomes a kind of artistic devil, fulfilli... ...ivision of humanity into good and evil is no longer useful and the transcendence of the need for retribution is the goal† (362). With Woland, Bulgakov sends the message that humanity falls into a grey area and that one needs to show compassion to their fellow human beings instead of always seeking vengeance. Works Cited Bulgakov, Mikhail. The Master and Margarita. London: Picador, 1997. Franklin, Simon. Introduction. The Master and Margarita. By Mikhail Bulgakov. 1992. Great Britain: Everyman’s Library, 1992. Proffer, Ellendea. Bulgakov the Magician. Afterward. The Master and Margarita. By Mikhail Bulgakov. 1995. London: Picador, 1997. Tumanov, Vladimir. Diabolus ex Machina: Bulgakov’s Modernist Devil. Vol. 35. Scando- Slavica, 1989. Wright, Colin. Mikhail Bulgakov: Life and Interpretations. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1978.

Educational Goals and Philosophies Essay -- Education Teaching Philoso

Educational Goals and Philosophies For the past seven years, I have had the same dream - to someday be a high school math teacher. I am finally on my way to turning that dream into a reality. Along the way, I am learning a lot of things and forming a number of opinions. One of the main areas in which I am forming new beliefs is in relation to what methods I will use in teaching my class and what aspects of what philosophies I will employ. First of all, however, I must reach the point where I have a class to teach. How am I going to reach my goal of becoming a teacher? I believe I am taking the most important step right now by attending a good college where I am gaining further knowledge in many areas, especially math and education, as well as gaining practical experience in the public school system. At the present time, it is not my plan to attend graduate school. Since I took some extra time to earn an Associate of Arts in Bible, I will have already been in college for five years when I graduate, and I am eager to get out there and start teaching now. Math teachers are in short supply right now, and if I am able to get a good teaching position with only a Bachelor of Science, I would rather do that than continue on with further schooling. I know that teachers with their Master’s Degree make more money, but I am not worried about money. If I were, I would not become a teacher. I want to teach because I love math, I love to be able to help other people, and I love young pe ople. I realize that if I decide to teach college level math someday, I will need to go to graduate school, but I will cross that bridge when I come to it if I ever do. At the moment, it is just my desire to teach high school. When I am teaching in a high school someday, what philosophies will be evident in my classroom? What methods will I use to reach my students? In my present education, I am beginning to think carefully and deeply about these issues. From what I have read and learned and from comparing various philosophies with each other, I have come to realize that I am a strong essentialist, and I also see many strong points in progressivism and behaviorism. Essentialism, made popular by William Bagley in the 1930’s, is the form of education most of us know well from our schooling experiences. It has also been called the â€Å"... ...ng that is based on behaviorist principles. Students work at their own pace to reach a certain goal. When they pass that phase, they move on to the next one; otherwise, they repeat it until they can reach the objective. Mastery learning often provides rewards or reinforcement. Programmed learning is a type of mastery learning in which students work with an interactive program on a computer. The material is broken into small portions, and the computer provides immediate feedback to the student’s answers. Students are able to work at a speed comfortable for them. I want to be the best possible teacher I can be. I want to communicate well with my students, and I want to be able to help them both now while they are in school and provide them with tools they will use when they are finished with school. In order to be a good teacher, I will use various methods and ideas from the philosophies of essentialism, progressivism, and behaviorism. I want to be open and willing to try new things and to always keep in mind the reason I became a teacher – to help my students learn math, in whatever way I can. When all is said and done, I want my grade as a teacher to be an â€Å"A.†

Baroque Part One

The Baroque Era is a period that existed in European art in the latter 16th, 17th Century, as well as the first half of the 18th Century. Baroque refers primarily to the free style of architecture that formed a restrained and balanced style of the earlier Renaissance. It was later applied to the same tendencies in music, painting sculpture, and literature. The Baroque style stems from the dramatic, large, ornate. It is full of motifs and forms expressions of energy and conflict.It originated in Italy and Spain and spread throughout Europe and is identified in architecture, with Catholic Europe and was  the official style of the COUNTERREFORMATION. Of all the many subjects which arose during the Baroque Period, the landscape genre is the most decisive marking a change in Western thinking.In Annibale Carracci (1560-1609) a pupil of Lodovico, Carracci was a versatile painter with unusual skill. He spent seven years studying the works of the masters. He particularly studied the works o f Carreggio and Parmigiano in Venice and Parma. He aided in the conducting of the academy school until 1595, when he went to Rome to assist in the Farnese gallery. The ceiling, in which he made dozen drawings for, was rich in illusionistic elements.It included fake architectural and sculptural forms that inspired many of the later painters. Among his numerous well-known works include Flight into Egypt (Doria Gall. Rome) This archetypical classical landscape, was later worshiped with various versions by Domenichino, Poussin, and Claude.The Holy family stands out because they are placed in the middle of the painting, the small measure of the figures in relation to the large natural setting first establishes a new precedence in which landscape takes is first and history is second. Order#11112799 Baroque Era Pg. 2 Carriacci brings to life an ideal nature in the painting to whichits theme tells of the nature enriched and completed by man and the works of man. And yet one assume with this underlying theme an authentic Baroque one; Carriacci implication acknowledges man is no longer the unassailable center of creation and that other forces of the world have more of a claim to his attention.The figure and the story of the painting are inconsequential to the landscape. Joseph, in the painting has dreamed that king Herod is searching for the baby Jesus to kill him, and runs away to Egypt with Mary and the child to stay there until after Herod’s death. However, the landscape is hardly Egypt instead, Carriacci has changedthe story to a high-civilized Italian setting. This is the peaceful, simple life. A middle ground that is between civilization and wilderness where people live free of both the decadence and crime of city life and the uncontrollable forces of nature.Annibale Carracci’s Landscape with flight into Egypt is Considered his masterpiece. I like the rich colors in the landscape, on The lush trees and grass that surrounds Mary, Joseph, the baby Jesu s and the horse standing in the center of the painting. It is familiar and pleasing sense of Italian landscape painting. 3Claude Lorrain, has a place in art history as a pioneer in landscape painting.He like Carracci, was widely respected and imitated for two centuries and often produces in the popular feeling of de’ja’- vu, especially in his best-known paintings. Lorrain’s power of invention was limited. He concentrated on a very narrow range of tones inside a narrow range of tone of colors inside a narrow landscape.Lorrain did not develop much further deliberately, after he had Order#11112799 Baroque Era Pg. 3 perfected his technique, because his work was too eagerly wanted by powerful supporters. His most idyllic of all his landscape paintings where he casts the world and its people, though small in a poetic light. In hisA Pastoral Landscape he works in an atmospheric point of view to soften all sense of tension and resistance to bring us to a world of harmon y and peace. In A Pastoral Landscape, as well as many like it represents the best civilization has to offer and has melded with the best of a good and gentle nature.Landscape paintings played on the concept that because God created the Earth, one could sense its soul and majesty in his work, similar to one who is able to sense emotion in a painter’s movement on the canvas. The majesty of God’s vision symbolically suggests in a panoramic sweep of the longer view to give up two thirds of the canvasto the infinite depth of the heavens. A Pastoral Landscape like many of Claude Lorrain’s include large leafy trees, a three arched bride over and large tree branch. The figures in the center of the painting also appear in the right foreground of Lorrain’s River Landscape. The countryside around Rome is the source of most of his inspiration.The Roman Campagna is a countryside haunted by the remains appear in the foreground of Lorrain’s River Landscape. The c ountryside around Rome is the source of most of his inspiration. The Roman Campagna is a countryside haunted by the remains and the association of antiques.The key period of its development were artists of many nationalities coming together in Rome. They formed and traveled to other countries. Claude Lorrain’s poetic contribution of rendering light is very influential, not only in his lifetime but also in England from the mid-18th to Order#11112799 Baroque Era Pg. 4 mid 19th Centuries. 4Jacob Van Ruisdael is another Landscape artist who is considered the greatest Dutch landscape painter. It is not determined whether he worked as a pupil for his father; a frame maker and artist Issak de Goyer, a well-known Haarlem landscapist. Jacob Van Ruisdael isthe most celebrated of the Dutch painter. He first worked in Haarlem and moved to Amsterdam in 1656. He obtained a medical degree, late in life and practiced as a physician in Amsterdam. Ruisdael’s work consists of northern na ture in a somber mood.The many characteristics to his paintings are overcast skies that throw a restless flux of light over the countryside. Gnarled, knotted oak and beech trees are created with authentic accuracy. Ruisdael later work show great depth of stroke, which dramatize humanity’s insignificance amid the splendor of nature. His later important paintings include Jewish Cemetery (Detroit, Inst.Of Art) and Wheatfield’s (Metropolitan Mus. ) He produced some very Etchings Ruisdael inspired many of the great French and English landscapists in the next two Centuries. One of the pupils he inspired was Meindert Hobbema who was an outstanding painter in his own right. In his painting View of Haarlem from the dunes at overveenc (1670) it is not so much landscape than sky and the light that comes from it, alternately casting the Earth in shadow and light, knowledge and ignorance.Rising to importantly meet the light on the largest building in the landscape, the church. The beam of light in Caravaggio’s painting suggests aspiritual presence of Christ becomes in landscape, a beam of light from the Sun/Son,† Popular among English poets of that period. The last half Order#11112799 Baroque Era Pg. 5 of the Seventeenth Century found the real space of the Dutch landscape became so idealized that it is almost like Eden.An example of landscape offers viewers an important lesson in the direction of where art took from the late seventeenth Century down to present day. The spiritual is not found only in the church. It is found in nature light in form even as we move into the modern future in the artist’s very self.The end of the seventeenth Century found the church no longer the major support of art as it had been for centuries from Spanish kings, to wealthy Dutch merchants, to a growing huge group of Middle-class rich with disposable incomes wanting to increase and refine their tastes. The patrons of art changed until the middle of the twenti eth Century when art was bought and sold in an international â€Å"art market. †These brilliant Baroque landscapes painters were concerned with naturalism and space. The Dutch panoramic view, with its large, far-reaching expanse prospect offer a familiar example of spatial illusions in landscape paintings.However, the continuity of space often suggests by other means, such as the implication presented presented to viewers is only part of an endless larger total. Viewers should not overlook, in this connection this effect on art and artists to expand the world of the seventeenth Century.The taste of the exotic, in particular is understood as a mirror to geographical discoveries of the age of exploration, which served to wake up new interests in distant lands and people. And yet, Baroque landscape art though without a doubt open to picturesque motifs from non-European sources, was marked by intellectual depth affected by the spirit ofexoticism. These Painters also might include authentic details of costumes and settings in their paintings, all except Baroque landscape Order#11112799 Baroque Era Pg. 6 painters whose view was essentially unchanged. The element of virtue in the Baroque architect manipulations space should not allow to be not well known a more important fact, which is the first rule of coexistence space, applies to seventeenth Century architect to a painting and sculpture.The principal many also be seen in brilliant form in church facades by Pietro de Cortona, Bernini and Borrommini, where the outside landscapes and inside space is marked.It is this similar controlled movement of space that gives to the large insides of the Baroque period its unmistakable character. The idea of continued space is the basis to the art of the paintings designs, that looks to collect the point of view of real space of the auditorium.The implication of movement is characteristic of many works of painting and sculpture of the seventeenth Century may come forth the sense of time as well as of space. The passing look, the momentary gesture of the changing aspects of nature tell of passing, inconstant undecided and times in swift flight. The constant cycle of day andnight and the continuation of the seasons offered artists another way of handling the landscape with the infinity of time. -Reference Site- 1. Questia Online Encyclopedia- Baroque book by John Rupert Martin; Unknown, 1977.Annibale Carracci pgs 16,17,27,86,175,250. 3Clause Lorrain, 217,224. Pastoral Landscape, 335. 4Jacob Van Ruisdael view of Haarlem from the dunes at overweenc, 1670. Pg. 177 2. Benet’s Reader’s Encyclopedia Fourth Edition. Edited by Bruce Murphy. 1 The Baroque Period. Lorrain, Claude (Originally Claude Gelle’e, 1600-1682) pg. 614, Ruisdael, Jacob van (c 1629-1682) pg. 896.

Advanced International Trade

In any economy where there exists free mobility of labor force across borders ,labor policies are bound to spill over from one country to another thus will have an impact on international trade. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to goods and services more than to factors of production.In such a case then goods and services can serve as substitutes to factors of production by importing goods and services produced by such factors. In an open economy, the welfare gains from domestic labor market exports will exceed the share of goods exported.  If prices increase for goods the owners of factor of production responsible will benefit in real terms while owners of the other factors will likely push for opposing agendas on controls of mobility of labor across borders. An increase in capital will otherwise benefit both owners of capital and labor.The first impact would be to increase the amount of untrained labor in fish production in home country. An increased unskilled labor is expected to be more than the amount of capital available.Owing to the fixed nature of capital, there is expected decreasing returns to scale. But since the untrained labor is mobile within the industries, they are going to move from one industry to another depending on the wage differentials.The relative price of fish is expected to go down in home country due to the availability of cheap labour.Accordingly; the real wage of the unskilled labor will decrease owing to the powers of demand and supply of labor in the fish industry. The real wages paid to the skilled workers will depend on the output of the economy.As more unskilled labor flow in a country, output will not be affected since it uses more of skilled labor than unskilled labor, what is going to happen is decreasing returns to scale on unskilled labor and this will lead to more costs than benefits hence decrease the real wages of the skilled labor.The production of computer chips will be adversely affected since unskille d labor will flow from fish production to computer chips production. With capital and skilled labor fixed, then the production can be increased only by increasing the amount of capital and skilled labor in the country, thefore country’s output is bound to decrease especially in computer chips production and also to some extend on fish production.

Minds Are Opened When Our Hearts Opened Essay

Dr. ARAVIND MALAGATTIDr. Aravind Malagatti is a well-known name in Kannada literature. He has earned this name by his contribution to the field of critical writing, research and creative writing. He has given more than forty competent works to Kannada literature in varied forms like poetry, prose, essays, criticism and folklore study. Karnataka government has bestowed the prestigious Ambedkar Fellowship Award to him considering his corpus of writing. His Government Brahamana being the first Dalit autobiography in Kannada has got the Karnataka Sahitya academy Award. Apart from these, the Honorary Award of Karnataka Sahitya Academy was conferred on him for his total contribution to Kannada literature. It is highly creditable in spite of all these credentials, Dr. Malagatti maintains simple city. The social aspects of Dalits are his area of concern. In profounder of Kannada Dalit literature. Dr. Malagatti catches the attention of people as an orator and makes them think over issues. His writing are equally sharp. He has founded a number of Dalit organizations and has taken active role in Dalit movement. At present Dr. Malagatti is serving as professor of Kannada in the Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, Mysore University. He has also served as the Director of the Institute and as the Director of Prasaranga, the publication wing of Mysore University, prior to this. He is also serving as the Hon. Director of Jayalakshmi Vilas Palace Museum, Mysore University.| | CURRICULUM VITATName : Aravind MalagattiMother’s Name: BasavvaFather’s Name: YallappaProfession : Professor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies Mysore University, MysoreDate of Birth : 01.05.1956Place of Birth : Muddebihal, Bijapur District, KarnatakaMarriage : With Dharani Devi. Deputy Superintendent of Police Karnataka State Police Service-in 1992Childern : Two sons –1. Daksha 2. YakshaEducation : Pre University and Graduation-From 1973 to 1978 M G V C Colleage, MuddebhihalPost Graduation-M.A. form Karnataka University Dharwad From 1978 to 1980 with a first class. Ph.D in 1985-gold medal for the Thesis from Karnataka University Dharwad.Experience: . Editorial Committee member of Vidyarthi Bharathi-Jounal 1981-KarnatakaUniversity Dharwad. Editor of Sahitya Sagathi-a literary magazine –  from 1988 – 1995. Member of the Editorial Committee of Folklore News letter formMangalore University Campus.Teaching Experience Research Experience from 30.09 .1980 to 30.10.1983, Under U G C Fellowship As a lecture-From 30.10.1983 to 31.08.1987, Government College, Mangalore. Experience as a Rader-From 07.07.1987 to 03.04.1994 Mangalore University. Professor-from 04.04.1994, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada studies, Mysore University, Manasagongotri, Mysore. Administration / Membership of Academic BodiesArts Faculty Dean – 2000 to 2001, 2004 to 2006 Univesity of MysoreAcademic council Member Univesity of Mysore BOS, BOE, BOA Member for various UniversityChairman of Kannada Department – Mangalore University Form 02.11.1992 to 03.04.1994.Director, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies, from- 03.01.2000 to 01.01.2001 and from 15.04.2004 to 01.06.2006.Hon. Director Mysore University, Jayalakshmi Vilas palace Museum from 27.10.2007Dirctor, Prasaranga, Manasagangotri, Mysore 1995 to 2000 University of MysoreMembership of Government Committee`s and InstitutionMember of Wholesales Book Purchase Committee, Government of Karnataka, Kannada and Culture Department 1991 to 1993Member of the Publication Committee of Popular Book Series of the Government of Karnataka, Kannada Culture Department 1991 to 1993.Member of Kannada Pustaka Pradhikara of the Government of Karnataka-from 1991 to 1995.Text book Committee member for the Pre University Board, Bangalore, 1995-1996.Film Pre-Review and Selection Committee member for Bangalore Doordarshan Kendra from 1997 to 2000.Member of Karnataka Sahitya Academy, of the Government o f Karnataka from 1998 to 2000.Member of Executive committee Kannada Sahity Parishat Bangalore From 1998 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2003.Member of Chayan Parishat, Saraswati Samman, Bhirla foundation-Delhi from 2003 to 2006. Published Works of Dr. Aravinda MalagattiI. Poetry 1. When the dumb opens his mouth (Mookanige Baayi Bandaaga. 1982)2. Balck Poetry (Kappu Kavya. 1985)3. The Third Eye (Mooraneya Kannu, 1996) 4. Rhythm Re-Rhythm (Naada Nianaada, 1999)5. Aneel Aradhana (Composite Poetry-2002)6. Silicon City and the Cuckoo (Silicon City Mattu Kogile, 2003)7. The Untouchable Ascends to Heaven (Chandaal Swargaarohanam, 2003)8. Selected Poems of Aravind Malagatti (Aravinda Malagattiyavara Ayda Kavithegalu, 2004)9. Kavyakumkume (Selected Poems of Aravinda Malagatti – 2009)10. The Dark Cosmos (Selected Poems of Aravinda Malagatti – 2009 Translated in English by – Dr. C. Naganna11. Towards the universe (Vishwatomukha, 2010)12. Flower is too heavy (Huvu Balubhara 2010)II. Short Stories 1. Unending Stories (Mugiyada Kategalu, 2000)III. Novel 1. The Death Ceremony (Karya – 1988)IV. Drama 1. The Ablution (Masthakaabhisheka, 1983)2. The Inner Salt of the Ocean ! (Samudradolagana Uppu, 1999)V. Criticism, Literary and Social Thought 1. Dalit Millennium and Kannada Literature (Dalitha Yuga Mattu Kannada Sahithya, 1999) 2. Dalit Consciousness: Literature, society and Culture (Dalita Prange: Sahithya, Samaaja Mattu Samskuthi, 2003) 3. Cultural mutiny (Samskuthika Dange, 2004) 4. Fire and Moonlight (Benki Beldingalu 2006) 5. Sahitya Saakshi (A Collection of Critical Essays – 2009) 6. Selected writing`s of Aravind Malagatti (Translated works – 2011) Ed. Prof: D.A.ShankarVI. Autobiography Government Brahmana. 1994 (Translated to English-Pub. Oriental  Longman)VII. Reasearch in Folklore and other works 1. Anipeeni (Anipeeni-Janapada Samshodhane, 1983)2. Study of Floklore (Jaanapada Vyasanga, 1985)3. Search for Floklore (Jaanapada Shobha, 1990)4. Thuluvara Aati Kalenja (Thuluvara Aati Kalenja-Janapada Samshodane, 1993)5. Folk Games (Janapada Aatagalu, 1993)6. Thalikote Dyamavva (Thalikote Dyamavva-Vayaskara Shikshanada Kruthi 1995)VIII. Research 1. Devil Worship (Bhootaradhane, 1991)2. Theoretical Study of Dalit Literary Movement (Dalita Sahithya Chalvaliy thatvika Chinthane, 1991) 3. Myth, Folklore and Nativism (Purana Jaanapada mattu Deshivaada, 1998) 4. Folk Games (Janapada Aatagalu, Ph.D. Thesis-1985)5. Folk Journey (Janapada Abhiyana-2005)IX. Studies and Reflections 1. An Introduction to Dalit Literature (Dalitha Sahithya Praveshike, 1996)2. How Progressive is Intercaste-Marriage ? (Antharjaathiy Vivaaha yeshtu pragathipar ? 1996)3. Puna Pact and whither Should Dalits go (Poonapyakt Mattu Dalitarettha Sagabeku ? 1998)X. Editing 1. Conference (Co-Editor) (Samaavesh-Saha Sampaadane, 1983)2. Four Dalitist Novels (Nalku Daliteeya Kadambariglu-Ed. 1990)3. Ideology of Ambedkar (Ambedkar Vichaara DHare-Ed. 1991)4. Koraga Community: A Study (Co-Author) (Koraga Janaanga Ondu Adhyayana, 1991) 5. Ambedkar-Ism and Counter-Ism (Ambedkar Vaada Samvaada-Ed. 1992)6. From Grazing Ground to Gangotri (Goomaaladinda Gangotrige, 1993)7. Foundation and background of Dalit Literature (Dalitha Sahighya nele-hinnele-Ed.1997)8. Book industry in  Kannada (Kannada Granthodyama, 1997)9. Folk Theoretical Consciousness and nativism (Jaanapada saiddhanthika Prangne Mattu Desivaada, 1998)10. Principles of Folklore (Jaanapada Thathvaglu, 1999)11. Criticism on Dalit Novels (Kadambarigala Vimarshe-Ed. 2000)12. Male Mahadeshwara (Male Mahadeshwara, 2001)13. Sweetness and Bitterness (Co-editing) (Bevu Bella, 2001)14. Dalit Approach (Criticism) (Dalitha Maarga, 2002)15. Aneela Aradhana (Composite Poetry, 2002)16. What Gandhi says about Ambedkar (Pub. Prasranga Myore University 2000)XI. Editor of Encyclopedias and Works of Similar nature 1. Kannada Encyclopedia-Volume 14. Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2005 1. C.D. S of Kannada Encyclopedia-14 volumes, Chief Editor Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosh – Karnataka –(R evised)-Chief Editor- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2005 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosh – Folklore–Chief Editor- Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kannada Vishaya Vishwa Kosha-Zoology. Chief Editor, Institute of Kannada Studies-Mysore University –year 2006 1. Epigraphia Karnatica-(Volume 12) Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006 1. Kuvempu Kriti Vimarshe, Chief Editor, Kuvempu Institute of Kannada Studies- Mysore University-year 2006XII. Journalistic Work Sahitya Sangagti, (Perodical) 1988-1995: (Editor) Vidyarthi Bharati- Quarterly, Karnataka University Journal, member of the Editorial Board -1981-1983.Karnataka Folklore News letter – member of the Editorial Board, Mangalore- 1988-1991.Vishwa Sampada-Monthly, Mysore University Journal, member of the Editorial Board-1999-2000Prabuddha Karnataka, Quarterly – Mysore University Journal -Chairman of the Editorial Board 1995, 2000. Manavika Karnataka, Quarterly – Mysore University Journal Chairman of the Editorial Board – 2008 OnwardsXIII. Awards & Prizes Gold medal for the Ph.D thesis – 1985 Karnataka University DharwadDevaraj Bhaddur Award – 1982 Recipient : Karnataka Government BangaloreNarashimhaia Award – 1996 Kannada Sahithya Parishat- Dr. Ambedkar Fellowship Award – 1996 Bharatiya Dalit Sahithya Academy –Delhi Karnataka Sahitya Academy Award – 1996 for the Autobiography titled Government Brahmana Bangalore Karnataka Sahitya Academy Fellowship Award – 2002 (for Total Contribution to Kannada Literature) Bangalore Ambedkar Award – 2005 Govt. Karnataka, Bangalore XIV. Awared`s Conferred but not Accepted: Shiksha Rattan Puraskar-2007 India International Friendship Society. New Delhi-110001 Rashtriya Gaurav Award – 2009 India International Friendship Society. New Delhi-110001 Best Citizens of India – 2009 International publishing House New Delhi-110001 Twenty Ten National Academy Award for Literature Academy of Bengali Poetry Kolkata – 700054XV. Works on Aravind Malagatti’s Wittings1. Critical Responses to â€Å"Karya† (Ed.) Sabiha Bhumigowad-1989 2. â€Å"Dalitagna† (Dalit Scholar Par Excellance) A seminar was conducted on the literature of Dr.Aravinda Malagatti in – 1998 (Ed) Dr. Arjuna Golasangi – 20003. Aravind Malagatti Avara Kavyanusandhana (Critical Essay on Aravinda Malagatti poetry ) Dr. Dushala Bargur 2005 4. Prof. Aravind Malagattiyavara Marga-Sahitya Dr. K. Deshava Sharma 2006 5. Prof. Aravind Malagattiyavara Sahithya Mattu Chinthanne- (Ph.D. Thesis work) Dr. N.S. Shankare Gowda 20056. â€Å"Novu Hetta Preethi† A critical essay on ‘Government Brahmana’ (Ed) Dr. Appagere D. Somashekara and Dr. Malligahalli Narendrakumar 20037. Sharadey Kunisidha Kavi Prof. Arvind Malagatti Dr. H.S.K. Chethana Book House, Mysore 20078. Pagadiya Kowdiyali Deepagalu Belagi A Collection of Research articles – 2009 By : Dr. S.D. Shashikala9. Kavya Manthana – A Criticism Articles on Aranind Malagatti Poems – 200910. Vada Vagvada Samvada – 2009 A Collection of Interviews Ed- by Dr.Bislehalli Prabhu 11. Malagatti Mathu Mathana – 2010 A Collection of Interviews By – G.S. Bhat12. Depiction of poor in the Wores of Aravind Malagatti – 2008 By : Vijayakumar, C.E. M.Phil Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University – Madurai13. Two versions of dalit growing up : A Comparative study of Vasanth Moon`s Growing up untouchable in India and Aravind Malagatti Government Bhahmana by – Banshelkar Yashpal Murhari M.Phil Thesis, Pandicherry University – 2008XVI. OTHER INFORMATION 1. Presided jIlla Kannada Sahitya Sammelan-Bijapur in the year 2006-(The literary meet was held for two days on 25th and 26th November 2006) 2. Prsided Dasara Kavigoshti-on 08.10.2005 at Jaganmohan Palace Mysore. 1. Participated in national seminar on history of folklore studies in India-held on 23-25 October 1998 in Manasagangotri, Mysore 1. Participated in other national seminars and presided many seminars and workshops in kannada. 1. Brought forth more than 200 seminar papers and research articles 1. NAVIKA Frist Kannada Summit-2010 (Pasadena Convention Center) Los Angleles, CaliforniaResidence AddressDr. Aravind Malagatti MIG 29, Gangotri Layour 1st Main, Saraswathipurm Mysore-9Ph. No. Res. 0821-2516927 Mobile : 9448342469 Office : 0821- 2419787|

Best Practices in Hr- the Journey of Tata Group

Businesses thriving in harsh environment have an ideal higher than personal profit. There is a common thread that drives them forward for years. This common thread is represented in the core values established by the founding fathers. Businesses that integrate people with the broader goal of sustainability by this common cord are those that live. There is a pioneer of these value driven business practices in the history of corporate India, the TATA group. Understanding the journey of Tata group in the perspective of HR practices can help us examine the role of people or employees in the success of an organization.For this let us understand the core values of the founding father of this business community. [pic] [pic] Jamsetji started the business when India was entering the final phase of colonization. Having met with obstruction and harassment in pre-independence India he adopted a new ideal for his business ‘Community capitalism’. According to eminent Japanese scholar Haruo Funabashi ‘Jamsetji had a more holistic perspective, however. His focus was not the trees but the forest—that is, not the individual stakeholders but the community in the largest sense’.All his efforts whether building a world class hotel or sprawling townships, had been aimed at the greater good of community and nation. Community capitalism is a ‘people first’ approach to business. Jamsetji was the stalwart of HR innovations. In a time when workers were treated as ‘Cogs in wheel’, he voluntarily considered their functional limitations. He provided them with benefits like eight hour working day, free medical aid and maternity benefits long before the government mandated these provisions.By aligning his business aspirations with nation building he engaged in greater community development. All this contributed towards creating a motivated workforce. [pic] The ideals of Jamsetji were carried forward by subsequent Tata leaders. Each le ader synergized these core values with new ones that were the call of his times. JRD Tata sometimes referred to as ‘Chairmen’s chairmen’ brought about a ‘value shift’ in the HR practices. He was a strong believer in a merit and believed in professional management of the group companies.It was this conviction that led him to steer the policies from Human Resource management to Human Resource development by nurturing leaders. His commitment to merit and professionalism ultimately led him to form Tata Administrative services and Tata Management training centre that became breeding grounds for future business leaders. His vision served the group well. Russi Mody, Sumant Moolgaokar and Darbari Seth became beacons of Tata leadership and were instrumental in generating wealth for the group and the country.JRD also understood the crux of successful labour relations. Tata steel became one of the first companies to have a dedicated Human resource department to make workers feel valued after there were frequent tense labour situation despite being treated exceptionally well; indicating worker discontent. JRD was quick to sense that workers had started to feel like parts of a machine. So he made them feel wanted by forming a department just for them. This is why Tata group is considered champions in personnel relations. [pic]The next generation witnessed Ratan Tata’s phenomenal leadership that coincided with unprecedented economic liberalization in India. He envisioned a strategic plan of institutionalizing a stronger collective identity of the Tata group in changing times. The new value he created can be held as ‘Osmosis’, a process of conveying cultures, beliefs and values across group. Efforts like displaying a common logo helped to ingrain common ethos in all Tata companies. But a bigger change had to be dealt with too, The Changing employee aspirations.Ratan Tata soon realized that the generation of employees he is dealing with wanted personal growth and career advancement. Ratan Tata aligned these personal pursuits with business goals by HR practices that can fall under ‘Disruptive innovation’. Integrated HR system, BSC, Brockbank model, HR gurukul, TBEM etc are all part of this alignment. Some may argue that such performance oriented system is against the core values of Jamsetji, who never believed in punishing the weak and rewarding the strong.But it cannot be ignored that with their present policies Tatas do reward the best but do not punish the weak. Performance based layoffs in Tata group are highly uncommon. To sum up Ratan Tata’s vision of Osmosis has only strengthened the foundations of Tata values across group. This belief is mirrored in the chivalry displayed by the Taj hotel staffs during the terrorist attack that was preceded by similar acts of the staff of another Taj group hotel in Maldives during the Tsunami in 2004. The future for both these companies thro ws the challenge of working in a Flat world.With the Tatas going global with M;As and software industry expansion communicating common values across cultures has become a problem. HR initiatives to meet this challenge are yet to be seen. The future roadmap for HR practices in the Tata group should account for the cultural dimension. The HR heads should also be prepared for a new generation of potential employees that is being prepared by a changed society and educational environment. Gauging needs and ambitions of this generation is especially important.Moreover with a change in top leadership this year speculations are high on the changes in HR management of Tata group References Toward a Sustainable Business Model for the 21st Century Haruo Funabashi www. tata. com – visited on 10 September 2012 ———————– BEST PRACTICES IN HR- THE JOURNEY OF TATA GROUP ‘THE OSMOSIS’ – PERPETUATING CORE VALUES ACROSS COMPANIES AND CULTURES IN TATA GROUP ‘THE VALUE SHIFT’-FROM HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMNET TO HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ‘COMMUNITY CAPITALISM’- BUSINESS AIMED AT COMMUNITY BASED DEVELOPMENTFORNATION BUILDING ‘In a free enterprise, the community is not just another stakeholder in business, but is in fact the very purpose’ –Jamsetji Tata â€Å"To be a leader, you have got to lead human beings with affection† – JRD TATA ‘’One hundred years from now, I expect the Tatas to be much bigger than it is now. More importantly, I hope the Group comes to be regarded as being the best in India, best in the manner in which we operate, best in the products we deliver and best in our value systems and ethics’’ – Ratan Tata